Colposcopy
Not necessarily. It depends on a per case basis. In case of a lesion, the specialist may obtain biopsy samples. These samples are usually superficial and do not cause any pain. Occasionally, the patient may experience a mild pain in the lower abdomen, like a cramp.
TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES
Laparotomy
Laparotomy is still considered a reliable and trustworthy procedure for a trained surgeon to perform whenever deemed clinically necessary.
Total Hysterectomy
This is an operation to remove the entire uterus, as well as the fallopian tubes & ovaries, and its quite common, in case of endometrial (uturine) cancer.
Fertility & Cancer
Women of reproductive age that may develop gynecologic cancers... also have to cope with the prospect of not being able to bear children.